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Title: | Heteroptera ecology, biodiversity and conservation = Ecología, biodiversidad y conservación de heterópteros |
Author: | Mata, Luis |
Director/Tutor: | Goula, Marta |
Keywords: | Taxonomia zoològica Ecologia animal Hemípters Biodiversitat Biodiversity Zoological taxonomy Hemiptera Animal ecology |
Issue Date: | 11-Nov-2013 |
Publisher: | Universitat de Barcelona |
Abstract: | [spa] Los heterópteros contribuyen de forma importante a la hiperdiversidad de los insectos. La elaboración de claves dicotómicas actualizadas, ajustadas a la región de estudio y basadas en caracteres de fácil observación, facilita la correcta identificación de los ejemplares. Los estudios faunísticos pueden beneficiarse considerablemente de la existencia de registros fotográficos in-situ y recursos electrónicos de registro de la biodiversidad, ya que ambas herramientas taxonómicas tienen el potencial de favorecer la investigación dirigida a la conservación, así como de implicar al público general en dicho proceso. Las síntesis, los catálogos y las bases de datos faunísticas son esenciales para registrar la ocurrencia y distribución de las especies. La utilización conjunta de estos recursos junto con variables ambientales relevantes para la ecología es clave para acortar la distancia que existe entre ciencias como la taxonomía y la conservación. La visión jerárquica supone una aproximación a la ecología cuantitativa, que tiene el potencial de incluir la estocasticidad asociada a los procesos ecológicos y de observación humana de la naturaleza. Los “modelos de ocupancia de lugar multiespecíficos (msSOM)“ suponen herramientas quantitativas efectivas para estimar la probabilidades de detección y ocurrencia específicas de especies y lugares, así como el tamaño de la comunidad. Los métodos bayesianos de inferencia estadística son herramientas poderosas para realizar análisis cuantitativos. La estimación de los parámetros viene asociada a su incertidumbre y al cálculo del “tamaño del efecto”. Y los resultados pueden comunicarse de forma clara y efectiva a los responsables de desarrollar políticas de conservación. Los heterópteros son detectados de forma imperfecta. Una buena fuente de incertidumbre depende de los métodos que utilicemos para muestrearlos, por lo que debe tenerse en cuenta el proceso de observación a la hora de analizar patrones de ocupancia y riqueza específica. Los protocolos de muestreo deberían estar diseñados de forma que incluyan réplicas espaciales y/o temporales que permitan calcular la detectabilidad. Los insectos heterópteros son relativamente comunes a lo largo de grandes áreas, y sus comunidades incluyen especies raras sólo detectables a pequeña escala. La asumpción de este patrón para la escala bioregional y superiores requiere mayor investigación. Los sistemas herbáceos noveles con vegetación ruderal o espontánea contienen una gran diversidad de insectos heterópteros. Como parte del paisaje urbano, los márgenes herbáceos y otras formaciones poco o nada gestionadas representan zonas importantes para conservar la diversidad de heterópteros y otros insectos. En cuanto a zonas verdes urbanas, como los campos de golf, la complejidad en la estructura de la vegetación tiene un efecto positivo en la biodiversidad de insectos. Los heterópteros se ven influenciados por el paisaje. En paisajes vitivinícolas, la ocurrencia de insectos herbívoros está favorecida por la proporción de hábitat natural favorable. En paisajes urbanos, la urbanizacion tiene un efecto negativo en la presencia de herbívoros y predadores. Ambos estudios, a partir de análisis distintos, convergen hacia una única conclusión. [eng] Heteropteran bugs make an important contribution to the hyperdiversity of insects. As with other insect taxa, the proper species identification of heteropteran bugs requires diagnostic dichotomous keys. Faunistic studies can considerably benefit from the use of in-situ photographic records and biodiversity web resources, these two new taxonomical tools have the potential to expedite conservation-oriented research and engage the general public in the conservation of nature. Faunistic syntheses such as catalogs and datasets are essential for documenting where species occur and how they are distributed, and may effectively contribute to overcome the ‘Wallace shortfall’ associated with large scale distributional data. The establishment of a research-oriented ‘Heteropteran Bug Monitoring Scheme’ may prove to be an effective faunistic tool that guarantees the constant flow of fine-grain, high-value species data. The gap between taxonomy and conservation may be bridged by explicitly coupling faunistic survey efforts to the monitoring of state variables relevant to ecological research. The hierarchical view is an approach to quantitative ecology with the potential to simultaneously account for the stochasticity associated with the ecological and observation processes. Multi-species site occupancy models are effective quantitative tools that estimate species-specific probabilities of detection and occurrence, from which the size of the community (ie, species richness) may also be estimated. One important advantage of multi-species site occupancy models is the ease by which covariates are specified into the linear predictors of both the ecological and observation process levels. Bayesian methods are powerful inferential tools for the conduction of quantitative research. Estimation of a given parameter under a Bayesian approach results in a posterior probability distribution that provides not only the mean but most importantly its associated uncertainty. The Bayesian mode of inference allows researchers to focus on effect sizes rather than statistical significance. Results from Bayesian analyzes can be communicated clearly and effectively to conservation policy-makers. Species are imperfectly detected. The methods we use to survey insects are important sources of uncertainty that must be taken into account when studying their patterns of occupancy and species richness. Survey protocols should be specifically designed to include spatial and/or temporal replicates from which detection data can be estimated. Heteropteran bugs, as a group, are relatively common across spatial extents, and their communities, as observed at fine grains of resolution, include many rare species that are difficult to detect. The assumption that this pattern holds at bioregional or even larger spatial extents requires more empirical investigation. A properly replicated study, resolved at the municipality or shire level, could contribute to address this gap in knowledge. Novel grassland ecosystems supporting ruderal or spontaneous vegetation are rich depositories of heteropteran bug biodiversity. In urban landscapes, oldroughs and unmanaged urban herbaceous margins may play an important role in the conservation of heteropteran bug species and other insect taxa. Within urban green areas such as golf courses, the complexity of the vegetation structure has a positive effect on heteropteran bug species richness and the species-specific occurrence probabilities of most species. Heteropteran bug species respond to the surrounding landscape. In viticulture landscapes, the proportion of natural habitat surrounding vineyards has a positive effect on mean herbivorous guild-level probability of occurrence. This positive effect is more uncertain for the predatory-guild. In the urban landscapes, species richness of both herbivores and predators decreased along a gradient of increasing urbanization. Almost all species were ‘urban avoiders’, experiencing on average very large decreases in their probabilities of occurrence along the urbanization gradient. Heteropteran bugs in the Iberian Peninsula have a low probability of being detected. This probability varies markedly from family to family and from species to species. Macroecological variables have positive (area, altitudinal range, mean annual temperature and population density) or negative (mean annual precipitation) effects on the mean heteropterofauna detection probability. Methodologies that explicitly account for the observation process may prove fundamental for disentangling which components of species distributions at large bioregional scales are a consequence of imperfect detection as opposed to true patterns of occupancy. |
URI: | https://hdl.handle.net/2445/49108 |
Appears in Collections: | Tesis Doctorals - Departament - Biologia Animal |
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LUIS_MATA_THESIS.pdf | 4.68 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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