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Title: | Facing the environment: hydrodynamics and confinement modulate molecular motors dynamics |
Author: | Malgaretti, Paolo |
Director/Tutor: | Pagonabarraga Mora, Ignacio |
Keywords: | Molècules Hidrodinàmica Dinàmica molecular Citoplasma Motors Molecules Hydrodynamics Molecular dynamics Cytoplasm Engines |
Issue Date: | 23-Oct-2013 |
Publisher: | Universitat de Barcelona |
Abstract: | [spa] El objetivo de esta tesis es la caracterización de la interacción entre la dinámica interna de los motores y el entorno en que los motores moleculares se mueven. Hemos caracterizado dos escenarios diferentes para los cuales las propiedades locales del fluido afectan significativamente a la dinámica general de los motores. Como primer caso hemos estudiado la dinámica de varios motores moleculares que se desplazan a lo largo de un filamento común. Mientras se desplazan, los motores moleculares generan flujos citoplasmáticos locales que afectan el estado local del fluido. Por lo tanto la dinámica interna de los motores moleculares se ve afectada por el acoplamiento hidrodinámico entre los motores. Hemos caracterizado el acoplamiento hidrodinámico entre motores moleculares en dos escenarios diferentes. Por un lado hemos encontrado que el acoplamiento hidrodinámico entre motores proporcionados por el citoplasma puede afectar fuertemente a su velocidad global. Las variaciones locales en la densidad de motores pueden crecer y llevar a la formación de clusters que aceleran la velocidad de los motores y que conducen a la aparición de estructuras estables. Cuando varios motores están empujando una carga común, la naturaleza fluida de la membrana que envuelve la carga proporciona un acoplamiento hidrodinámico adicional entre los motores. En este escenario, hemos observado que el acoplamiento hidrodinámico entre los motores que tiran en direcciones opuestas, puede conducir a la ruptura de la simetría así como la biestabilidad incluso para tamaños de sistemas comparables con situaciones biológicas relevantes. Por lo tanto, las interacciones hidrodinámicas representan una alternativa para el control de la dinámica de la carga. Como segundo caso hemos estudiado la dinámica de un motor molecular singlo en movimiento en un fluido intrínsecamente inhomogéneo en el cual, la inhomogeneidad del líquido se induce por la presencia de confinamientos geométricos. Si el espacio local disponible varia, surgen fuerzas adicionales de la naturaleza entrópica. La interacción entre el movimiento a saltos del motor y la modulación en el confinamiento puede conducir a nuevos regímenes dinámicos, distintos de los que ocurren en el caso de partículas bajo fuerzas constantes o motores moleculares desplazando en un entorno homogéneo. [eng] In this thesis we characterize the behavior of molecular motors when the properties of the cytoplasm they displace through are not homogeneous or isotropic. Anisotropies in the cytoplasm can be induced, for example, by net fluxes that can be generated by the displacement of motors themselves as well by other mechanism such as remodeling of the overall cell shape. In the cytoplasm there are many molecules, proteins, vesicles and organelles in suspension. Such a crowded environment develop inhomogeneities in the local properties of the cytoplasm. The different length scales that characterize such inhomogeneities might led to different interplays according to the size of the cargo pulled by motors. For example, suspended particles whose size is much smaller than the cargo size will be experienced by the cargo as an enhancement in the effective viscosity. On the other hand, suspended particles of the same size or bigger than cargoes will develop local structures that affect the space the cargo can explore and will act like a porous medium. In the first chapter we characterize the hydrodynamic coupling generated by an ensemble of molecular motors displacing along a filament. By numerical simulations we show how such a coupling develops. The hydrodynamic coupling between motor relies on the fluid flow generated by motors displacement. We discuss how the hydrodynamic coupling between motors depends upon the boundary conditions provided by different geometries. Motors do not always displace in the same direction, rather cargoes pulled by teams of motors pulling on opposite directions has been observed to undergo a bidirectional motion where the cargo moves back and forth due to the reorganization of the force generated by the motors. In many cases the cargoes motors pull on are vesicles or membrane-embedded organelles. In these cases motors exert force on the cargo by pulling on molecular linkers embedded in the membrane that link the tail of the motors to the membrane. Therefore, the displacement of the linkers in the membrane will lead to a local flow of membrane that can lead to an overall coupling between motors that will sum up to the one generated by the displacement of the motors in the cytoplasm. In the second chapter we develop a coarse grained description of a team of motors pulling on opposite directions that are hydrodynamically coupled. Thanks to our coarse grained model we characterize the overall dynamics of the system and we discuss the peculiar features induced by the hydrodynamic coupling by comparing them against those obtained in the case of rigidly coupled motors. In the third chapter we characterize the dynamics of a single molecular motor displacing in an inhomogeneous environment modeled as a varying section channel. In the limit in which the channel section is smoothly varying it is possible to reduce the overall dynamics to that of a particle moving in a 1D effective potential where the varying confinement enters as an entropic contribution to the overall potential. Using this framework we characterize the dynamics of molecular motors moving according to different schemes. The comparison between the results obtained with the different models allows us to distinguish between general behaviors and model dependent features. |
URI: | https://hdl.handle.net/2445/53866 |
Appears in Collections: | Tesis Doctorals - Departament - Física Fonamental |
Files in This Item:
File | Description | Size | Format | |
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MALGARETTI_PhD_THESIS.pdf | 2.24 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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